Et cetera * SPRING 1990
LANNY BECKMAN ** |
MENTAL ILLNESS FOR BEGINNERS* |
* Reprinted by permission
of the author from This Magazine, (Toronto), Vol.22, NO.3, February 1989
** Lanny Beckman lives in
Vancouver, Canada and is the publisher of New Star Books
I'M
SOMETIMES APPOACHED BY STUDENTS who know nothing about mental illness and who
want good introductory sources. I usually recommend two. One is The Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (third edition revised, 1987), published
by the American Psychiatric Association, and known as DSM. The other- is an old
New Yorker cartoon.
In the cartoon, the psychiatrist says to
the patient on the couch, "A nameless dread That's
easy. We've got names for everything." The DSN is where the names for
everything can be found. It is psychiatry's official labelling bible, found in
every mental health facility on thc
continent. Its function is to aid the clinician in suiting the mental patient's
action to the DSM's word. The result, ten times out of ten, is a diagnosis.
Those concerned about free trade will be
relieved to know that Canada-U.S. trade in the psychiatric sector has
traditionally been unrestricted. Mental Illness is manufactured, patented and
packaged in the U.S by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), and is
imported tariff-free into Canada. Here, it is administered by the APA's branch
plant, the Canadian Psychiatric Association. There is neither a Canadian DSM
nor a Canadian edition of the APA manual.
The DSM has its roots in the antebellum
south. In mid-nineteenth century America, slaves were fleeing plantations in
increasing numbers. Slave owners called in the American Psychiatric Association
(founded in 1844) which quickly discovered a disease called drapetomania, a
morbid compulsion to be free. The worst offenders had to be locked up and
treated in mental institution until their illness had been brought under
control. They were then discharged and returned to their owners.
The
DSM, though its various editions and revisions, has
gone on rediscovering drapetomania - bad behavior, labelled a medical disorder,
requiring psychiatric intervention. Drapetomania itself has been lost to
psychiatry and the DSM (cured, apparently, around the time of the Emancipation
Proclamation), but it has been amply replaced. While diseases come and go,
psychiatry has been relentless in its quest to achieve a net gain in the units
of human life it can call its own. Thomas Szasz, a maverick American
psychiatrist, first diagnosed this disorder as "psychiatric
imperialism." Untreated, it has developed a florid symptomatology, evident
in the DSM's ballooning from one edition to the next.
We'll
skip over the DSM's life-wrecking disorders, like schizophrenia and its
twenty-seven diagnostic sub-types, which psychiatry is just beginning to get a
handle on. More instructive is the category of mundane disorders, whose
expansive appetite seems to know no boundaries, except political ones. If you
can't find big parts of yourself and your kids in the DSM, you're probably
suffering from a rare normality.
"Oppositional Deviant Disorder"
is an ailment of the young. Symptoms : "Often
blurts out answers to questions before they have been completed";
"often does not seem to listen to what is being said to him or her."
(Note non-sexist usage.)
Among
the adult disorders:
"Self-defeating
Personality Disorder'' Symptoms: engages in excessive self
sacrifice that is unsolicited by the intended recipient";
"helps fellow students write papers but is unable to write his or her
own."
"Histrionic Personality Disorder." Symptoms :
"is inappropriately sexually seductive in appearance or behavior";
"is overly concerned with physical attractiveness." (Note unstated
sexist assumptions.)
Clearly,
the subject matter here is not disease or medical disorder. The DSM is
essentially a compendium of values, though even that concept is often too
grandiose. To a large extent, the DSM is an etiquette guide,
it is inherently conservative, upholding the established order by finding
disorder in the rebellious kid, not the child-hating society, in the too-altruistic,
not the hyper-competitive culture, and in the slave to advertising, not
advertising itself.
It
should come as no surprise to learn there is no rigorous or even adequate
definition of mental illness, either in the DSM or anywhere else. There is,
however, quite a precise definition of mental patient. A mental patient is
someone who has slept overnight in a mental institution. Simply consulting a
private psychiatrist is not sufficient.
Implausible as it may seem, a century of
pseudo-scientific research into mental illness has failed to produce any
scientific knowledge whatsoever, with the exception of the Irreversibility
Principle, which is to say, mental illness is incurable.
In saner times, the facts were quite
clear, as the following examples will show. Of all patients discharged from
British Columbia 's Riverview Mental Hospital in 1960,
ninety per cent were readmitted at least once by 1970. In the public arena,
Thomas Eagleton tangled with the Irreversibility Principle in 1972 when he attempted
to run for the U.S. vice-presidency, years after having been hospitalized for
depression. He didn't get far.
And an every-day reminder that there's no
such thing as an ex-mental patient can be found even now in the familiar sort
of headline that says, "Ex-Mental Patient Slays 3."
Bad press about mental patients has
saturated the public mind. According to attitude surveys, nobody likes them.
They make people nervous. Mental patients are viewed as unpredictable,
threatening and prone to violence. The truth is the opposite. Most of them tend
toward introspection, withdrawal and passivity. Their rates of violent crime
are actually lower than those of the general population. Still, you've never
actually seen a headline that said, "Non-Mental Patient slays 3."
Thomas Szasz' explanation for the lack of
scientific discoveries about mental illness is that it doesn't exist. For
thirty years he has been arguing, completely in vain, that mental illness is a
metaphor which has been mistaken for a fact. That a sick economy or a sick car
has no need of medical attention is obvious not only to everyone but also to
psychiatrists-they don't make the conceptual error of taking their BMWs to the
hospital for a check-up.
Illness and disease are ideas that apply
to the body. Szasz insists, and he asks what possible role medicine can have in
the study and "treatment" of beliefs, morals and emotions, which are,
after all, the bailiwick of psychiatry. Minds can't he ill, he yells after his
colleagues as they rush off, only brains can. But in an oblique sort of way
he's getting through.
When psychiatrists know nothing about a
subject, they say they're just beginning to get a handle on it. When they spot
a handle-like object on a distant horizon they declare the sighting a revolution.
Psychiatry is now in the grip of the Brain Revolution. New hooks on
neuropsychiatry are pouring out of publishers' warehouses, and few doubt that
discoveries in brain research are the most exciting development the field has
seen in decades.
If Szasz is proven entirely wrong and the
brain probers right, we'll still see no Nobel prizes in the next six months.
Psychiatric self-promotion aside, the Brain revolution is probably on about the
same time-track as the greenhouse effect. More immediate is the danger the
mental patients will he further abused by a viewpoint which regards them as so
much protoplasm. Matthew Dumont, another psychiatrist who doesn't get invited
to staff parties, warns that the last time so much emphasis was placed on the
biochemical defects of the mentally ill was during the thirties in Germany.
If part of psychiatry seems caught up in
intellectual abstractions about whether Jenny is appropriately or
inappropriately sexually seductive, another part is entirely pragmatic. One of
its major, concrete achievements in this country was the framing of a social
contract between the Canadian Psychiatric Association and the Canadian state
The two parties came to the bargaining
table united in the view that caring for the mentally ill is a distasteful and
futile job that no sane person would voluntarily undertake. By proposing to
undertake it at all, psychiatry began the negotiations from a position of great
strength. It wanted the store.
The store was crammed with concessions.
The first thing psychiatry got was power, in the form of the medical model.
Mental illness being an illness and psychiatrist being
medical doctors, it seemed only logical to elaborate these particulars in
mental health legislation. The logic is weakened by the fact that, without a
cure for mental illness, the best palliative is compassion and love, qualities
which are endangered emotions in the medical fraternity. Nonetheless, when the
act had been written, psychiatrists emerged as the undisputed kingpins of the
mental health empire. They give the orders, they write the prescriptions, they commit the patients.
The procedures for involuntarily
committing a patient to a psychiatric facility reveal something of the force
and farce of the medical model. Within the mental health field, only
psychiatrists have the legal authority to sign the pink committal forms.
Outside the field, any MD can "do a pink" on a patient, as industry
jargon has it. As a result, a psychologist can't lock you up for being nuts,
hut a surgeon, dermatologist or obstetrician can.
The second thing psychiatry got was
money, in the form of medicare. Psychiatrists are the
only mental health personnel who are authorized to bill medicare
privately. Social workers, psychic healers and spoon benders have to make it in
the marketplace. The B. C. Medical Services Plan pays psychiatrists an average
of ninety dollars per hour (actually, per fifty minutes). At thirty-five hours
a week and forty-eight weeks a year, the average B.C. psychiatrist has an
income (before investment earnings) of 5150,000.
Outrageous, you say, but remember that
the guy or gal is cooped up in a small office with artificial lighting and real
mental patients for thirty-five hours a week.
Well, not quite. In fact, psychiatrists
spend very little time with real mental patients, like schizophrenics-the kind who sleep overnight in mental institutions. In these
institutions, psychiatrists act as consultants to front-line lower-echelon
mental health workers, having very little direct contact with patients of any
kind. In general, the more education you have about the mentally ill, the less
time you're required to spend with them. (That's the point of getting an
education.)
In private practice too, psychiatrists
see few real mental patients. Instead, as many are fond of saying, they
"choose to treat 'healthy patients'," formerly called "normal
neurotics." Orwellian, perhaps, but these patients, with
garden-variety problems in living, can be quite entertaining and attractive and
they don't stain the chair. These things are not unimportant to the
average psychiatrist.
Healthy patients bring another perk to
the psychiatric encounter. Since the patients are not ill, psychiatrists are
generally able to claim that therapy has produced a cure, regardless of what it
has produced. The ego gratification associated with curing healthy patients has
inspired most private psychiatrists to give up on trying to
cure sick ones.
While working psychiatrists are wrestling
in the trenches with healthy patients and their problems, the psychiatric
establishment is often wrapped up in close encounters of a less cuddly kind. It
regularly finds itself in political skirmishes with irate groups protesting
their treatment at the hands of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Pressure
from the women's movement has been successful in ridding the DSM of much of its
sexist literary style and some of its more egregious stereotypes of women,
gains which barely scratch the surface of psychiatric sexism.
The gay liberation movement, including
the gay caucus within psychiatry, scored a genuine success about a decade ago
by having homosexuality, in and of itself, abolished as a disorder. No one set
foot in a lab or spent a cent on medical research, but tens of millions of
mentally ill homosexuals were instantly cured. It was a bleak day for
psychiatry. Drapetomania all over again.
Psychiatry may have lost the gay baby,
but in a splendid gesture of circumspection it managed to save some of the bath
water. There now appears in the DSM a sexual disorder known as Ego-distonic Homosexuality. It pertains to patients whose
sexual preference is homosexuality but who say they could prefer another
preference. Ego-distonic Heterosexuality is not
listed in the DSM's index.
Ambrose
Bierce, who defined a lawyer as "one trained in
circumvention of the law", didn't define a psychiatrist as
"one trained in indifference to human suffering," probably because he
died in 1914, before psychiatry got on its feet. But it would have appealed to
his perverse sensibilities to know that this unfair generalization would be
acceptable to the minority of psychiatrists to whom it is unfair, and offensive
to the majority to whom it isn't.
Etc. A
Review of Genera Semantics
A journal
devoted to the role of symbols in human behavior
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